Test-1 (Full Syllabus Test)

Explanation: D

Explanation: B
Frequency order:
Radio < Micro < Infrared < Visible < Ultraviolet < X-ray < Gamma.
UV lies just beyond violet → higher frequency than visible.

Explanation: D
Change in internal energy is = 20J
100J should increase the internal energy by 100J i.e. from 50 to 150 J
As internal energy is increased to 70J , 150-70=80J is work done by the system.

Explanation: C
λ = h/P, As momentum is same wavelength will also be same.

Explanation: A
In Coulomb’s law force exerted by both charges on each other is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.

Explanation: D
The car is moving from West direction, meaning its velocity is towards East.
When brakes are applied, the acceleration (actually deceleration) always acts opposite to the direction of velocity.
Since the velocity is towards East, the acceleration must be towards the West.

Explanation: A

Explanation A
Speed of the sound is highest in the solids. So, A should be the solid medium.

Explanation: C
Half-life, decay constant and mean life all are independent of initial number of atoms and depend only on the type of radioactive element.

Explanation: A
Case: Capacitor disconnected from power source
• Charge Q remains constant (no path for flow).
• Capacitance:
C = εA/d
So, when distance d increases → C decreases.
• Energy stored in capacitor:

U = Q²/2C

Since Q is constant and C decreases → U increases.
Guideline:
• If connected to battery (constant V) → U = 1/2 CV², so increasing d (decreasing C) → energy decreases.
• If disconnected (constant Q) → energy increases.

Explanation: B
A. Mass of Earth → In equations of motion, g is constant (though it depends on Earth’s mass), but for our level, we treat g as fixed. Time does not explicitly depend on Earth’s mass.
B. Horizontal component of velocity → Horizontal motion does not affect how long it takes to fall; time depends only on vertical motion.
C. Vertical component of velocity → This does affect time. If you throw downward or upward, it changes the time.
D. Height of building → This obviously affects time (greater height → more time).

Explanation C
• Resistor (A): Its resistance R is independent of frequency. It gives the same opposition at low and high frequencies.
• Capacitor (B):
Opposition is X_c = 1/2πfC.
• At low frequency (f → 0): X_c → ∞ → very high opposition.
• At high frequency (f → ∞) : X_c → 0 → almost zero opposition.
This is the reverse of what the question describes.
• Inductor (C):
Opposition is X_L = 2πfL.
• At low frequency (f → 0): X_L → 0 →  zero opposition.
• At high frequency (f → ∞): X_L → ∞ → very high opposition.
This matches the description perfectly.
Both resistor and inductor (D): Resistor doesn’t change with frequency, so this combination won’t strictly match the condition.

Explanation: B
In an open pipe node is formed at the middle of the pipe when it is vibrating in the fundamental mode. at this point pressure is maximum and displacement is zero.
Open end → pressure node, displacement antinode.
Closed end → pressure antinode, displacement node.

Explanation: A
We know that the radius of a nucleus is related to its mass number A by the relation:
R ∝ A^1/3
So, for the two nuclei:
• Mass number A₁ = 216, radius R₁ ∝ 216^1/3
• Mass number A₂ = 64, radius R₂ ∝ 64^1/3
Cube root of 216
216^1/3 = 6
Cube root of 64
64^1/3 = 4
Ratio:
R₁/R₂ = 216^1/3/64^1/3 = 6/4 = 1.5.

Explanation: B
R = V/I= 10/5 = 2ohm
Time constant = R × C= 2 × 2 = 4sec
Time to “fully charge”
In physics, a capacitor never charges completely in finite time, but practically it is considered fully charged after about 5t (when charge reaches > 99%).
= 5t = 5 × 4= 20s.

Explanation: B
Recall formulas:
K.E = 1/2mv²
p = mv
Express mass in terms of K.E and v:
m = 2KE/v²
Substitute into momentum formula:
p = mv = 2KE/v² . v = 2KE/v
Since K.E is constant,
p ∝ 1/v.

Explanation: C

Explanation: B
If length of crest is 2m, wavelength= 4m
Frequency = no of waves/time= 10/5= 2Hz
Velocity = frequency × wavelength = 2 × 4 = 8m/s.

Explanation: C
For step up transformer Ns > Np, Vs > Vp, Is < Ip.

Explanation: D
In disconnected wire, velocity of individual electron Is in order of kilometers per second, but average velocity of electrons is zero as all the electrons are moving in random directions.
Additional Tips:
• Without battery → random → average = 0.
• With battery → drift velocity ≈ 10^–5 m/s.
• Thermal speed → ≈ 10⁵ m/s (but cancels out on average).

Explanation: B
All the other options shows the work done in a closed path by a conservative field and is zero.
Work done by friction cannot be reversed and therefore it will be maximum.

Explanation: C
Magnetic flux density = magnetic field
All are unit of flux density, but SI unit is only Tesla.

Explanation: C
Time for 1 vibration: T
Time for half vibration: T/2
Time between mean and extreme: T/4
Time between extreme and mid of mean and extreme: T/6
Time between mean and mid of mean and extreme: T/12.

Explanation: D
In the circuit the diode is reverse biased. So, NO current flows though the circuit.

Explanation: D
When the angle between two equal vectors is 0⁰, the vectors act along the same line and reinforce each other. Hence, the resultant equals twice the magnitude of each vector.
When the angle between two equal vectors is 180⁰, the vectors act in exactly opposite directions and cancel each other. Hence, the resultant is zero.

Explanation: D
Radial acceleration is also called as centripetal acceleration always directed towards the center of the circular path, i.e. in the plane of rotation, not along the axis. All other quantities are directed along axis of rotation and their direction is found using right Or left hand rule.

Explanation: A
As shown below field of both wires is in the same direction

Additional Hints:
Currents in same direction → attract, fields cancel between wires.
Currents in opposite directions → repel, fields add between wires.

Explanation: B
Time period of spring mass system is given by
T = 2π√m/k, if steel and plastic balls are of same size, mass of steel ball will be more, therefore its time period will be more.

Explanation: D

Explanation: D
For Dot product A.B = B.A
For cross product A × B = –B × A, as direction is opposite
OR [A × B] = [B × A].

Explanation: D
1^st Shell = Layman, 2^nd Shell = Balmer, 3^rd Shell = Paschen, 4^th Shell = Brackett, 5^th Shell = pfund.
Termination on 4th orbit (n=4) → Brackett series.
Since Brackett is not listed in options, the correct choice is: D. None of these.

Explanation: C
Resistance of each piece
• Original resistance of wire =12Ω.
• Wire is cut into 4 equal parts → resistance of each piece:
R_piece = 12/4 = 3Ω
Parallel connection
All 4 pieces of 3Ω each are connected in parallel across the battery.
• Voltage across each resistor = battery voltage = 12V (same in parallel).
Current through a single resistor
By Ohm’s law:
I = V/R = 12/3 = 4A.

Explanation: D
As tension is providing centripetal force and work done by centripetal is always zero.

Explanation: A
For vertical pipe : P₁ + pgh1 = P₂ + pgh2
P₁ – P₂ = pgh2 – pgh₁ = pg(h₂ – h₁), here h₁ – h₂ = h,
Therefore pressure difference = pgh.

Explanation: D
We know that F_r = -kx. Therefore, comparing this equation with the give options, we see that option (D) is the correct relation between force and displacement executing simple harmonic motion.

Explanation: B
As the drop accelerates under gravity, velocity increases → drag force increases.
Eventually, drag force = weight of raindrop → acceleration becomes zero → drop falls with terminal velocity.
At this stage, drag force becomes constant.

Explanation: C
Darwin observed that species produce more offspring than can survive, and due to limited resources, this creates competition or struggle for existence

Explanation: B
The cis face of the Golgi apparatus is convex in shape and located near the ER. It receives transport vesicles from the ER, while the trans (concave) face modifies and sorts proteins for export.

Explanation: B
Glycogen has α-1,4 glycosidic bonds in its chains and frequent α-1,6 bonds at branching points, making it more branched and quickly mobilized than starch.

Explanation: A
Pepsin works best at pH ~2 (acidic stomach); in alkaline intestine, it denatures.

Explanation: C
HIV is not spread by insects; it transmits via body fluids like blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk.

Explanation: B
Surfactant (the mixture of lipoproteins) is produced by the secretory cells of the alveolar epithelium.

Explanation: C
Each myosin filament is surrounded by 6 actin filaments on each end. 

Explanation: D
Independent assortment was deduced from dihybrid crosses showing the 9:3:3:1 ratio.

Explanation: D
Narrow lumen and extensive branching of capillaries slow blood flow for exchange.

Explanation: B
If active trypsin were secreted, it would damage pancreatic tissues.

Explanation: C
High hydrostatic pressure is maintained because the afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent arteriole.

Explanation: B
The nucleolus is a darkly stained structure inside the nucleus, responsible for synthesizing rRNA and assembling ribosomal subunits

Explanation: A
The 20 amino acids differ in their R groups, leading to enormous combinations and diverse proteins.

Explanation: B
Each enzyme has an optimum pH where the active site structure is most stable.

Explanation: B
Reverse transcriptase synthesizes DNA from RNA template.

Explanation: B
During inhalation, the diaphragm, which is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity, contracts and flattens. This contraction causes the diaphragm to move downward, which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity. As the thoracic cavity expands, it creates a negative pressure within the lungs, and air is drawn into the lungs from the outside to equalize the pressure. This is how the process of inhalation occurs, and the diaphragm plays a vital role in this process by creating the necessary pressure difference.

Explanation: C
Calcium is so important to the muscular function. Upon nervous system excitation for a contraction, calcium is released into the fibre. It binds with troponin and stimulates it to move tropomyosin which exposes the binding site for the myosin cross-bridge. Because of the presence of calcium, the muscle can now contract.

Explanation: A
Father passes his defective X to daughters (→ carriers) and Y to sons (→ sons normal).

Explanation: D
All blood vessels have an endothelial lining for smooth blood flow.

Explanation: B
Depolarization occurs when sodium ions rush into the axon, making the inside positive.

Explanation: A
Tubular secretion removes hydrogen and potassium ions, helping regulate blood pH and electrolyte balance.

Explanation: B
The inner membrane of mitochondria folds into cristae, providing a large surface area for oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation.

Explanation: A
Phospholipids have hydrophobic fatty acids and a hydrophilic phosphate group, giving dual nature.

Explanation: B
Substrate outcompetes inhibitor at higher concentrations in competitive inhibition.

Explanation: C
Bacteriophages specifically target bacterial cells.

Explanation: C
The average adult human kidney measures about 10–12 cm in length, 5–7 cm in width, and 2–3 cm in thickness.

Explanation: B
Evolution leaves observable signs. These observable signs of evolution collectively support the theory of evolution and demonstrate the dynamic and ongoing process by which species change and adapt over time. The evidence comes from a variety of sources and fields, making the case for evolution robust and widely accepted within the scientific community.

Explanation: C
The “1” in the 3:1 ratio corresponds to the recessive phenotype.

Explanation: B
Lymph enters circulation through thoracic and right lymphatic ducts into subclavian veins.

Explanation: C
The effector carries out the response, e.g., contracting a muscle or secreting a gland.

Explanation: B
Thyroid hormone increases basal metabolism and heat production.

Explanation: B
The smooth ER (SER) is involved in detoxification of harmful chemicals, especially in liver cells. The rough ER synthesizes proteins, but detoxification specifically requires SER enzymes.

Explanation: D
Anticodon on tRNA pairs with codon on mRNA during translation

Explanation: C
In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to form acetyl CoA, entering the Krebs cycle.

Explanation: C
Reference: Text Book.

Explanation: C
The internal structure of the kidney has three main parts:
1. Cortex → outer region, contains glomeruli and most of the nephron.
2. Medulla → inner region, arranged into renal pyramids, contains loops of Henle and collecting ducts.
3. Renal pelvis → funnel-shaped cavity that collects urine from calyces and passes it into the ureter.

Explanation: D
Lamarck’s theory of evolution is based on two main ideas: The use and disuse of organs: Lamarck believed that the organs that are used more often become stronger and more developed, while the organs that are used less often become weaker and less developed. He believed that this could lead to changes in the organism’s physical appearance over time. The inheritance of acquired characteristics: Lamarck believed that the changes that an organism makes to its body during its lifetime can be passed on to its offspring. For example, he believed that giraffes had evolved long necks because their ancestors had to reach for food high up in trees. Therefore, both A and B are correct. Lamarck did not give the theory of natural selection.

Explanation: A
Probability of rr = 1/4, yy = 1/4 → 1/4 × 1/4 = 1/16.

Explanation: B
Immunological memory ensures a rapid and strong secondary response to the same pathogen.

Explanation: C
Medulla oblongata controls vital involuntary activities like heartbeat, breathing, and swallowing.

Explanation: C
The epididymis is a coiled tube where sperm are stored and mature.

Explanation: B
Circular DNA and 70S ribosomes are hallmarks of prokaryotes (like bacteria). Eukaryotes have linear DNA enclosed in a nucleus and 80S ribosomes.

Explanation: B
DNA makes one complete helical turn every 3.4 nm, consisting of ~10 base pairs.

Explanation: B
Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs during conversion of succinyl CoA to succinate.

Explanation: D
◉ The lowest part of pharynx is the laryngopharynx. It has two apertures, the anterior slit is ‘glottis’, through which it opens into the larynx and the posterior slit is ‘gullet’, which leads to the oesophagus.
◉ Larynx opens into the pharynx by glottis. The glottis bear a leaf-like a cartilaginous flap, called the ‘epiglottis’. Epiglottis cover the glottis during swallowing, to prevent the entry of food into it.
◉ So the voice box, or larynx, is a cartilaginous structure inferior to the laryngopharynx that connects the pharynx to the trachea and helps regulate the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs. The structure of the larynx is formed by several pieces of cartilage.

Explanation: A
Juxtamedullary nephrons are nephrons that are located at the border of the cortex and medulla of the kidney. These nephrons have a long loop of Henle that extends deep into the medulla. They play an important role in concentrating urine and regulating water balance.

Explanation: C
With progress in population genetics in the 1930s, Mendelism and Darwinism were reconciled, and the genetic basis of variation and natural selection was worked out. Thus, a comprehensive theory of evolution that became known as the modern synthesis or Neo-Darwinism was developed in the early 1940s. It is called a synthesis because it integrates discoveries and ideas from many different fields, including paleontology, taxonomy, biogeography, of course, population genetics.

Explanation: B
DNA probes are labeled fragments that hybridize with complementary sequences of pathogens to detect infection.

Explanation: B
Helper T-cells release cytokines, stimulating both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

Explanation: C
Myelin allows saltatory conduction; without it, impulses slow down and may fail.

Explanation: B
LH (Luteinizing Hormone) stimulates Leydig cells in testes to produce testosterone.

Explanation: B
Membrane-bound organelles (nucleus, ER, Golgi, mitochondria) allow compartmentalization, which enables eukaryotic cells to perform complex and specialized tasks. Prokaryotes lack this organization.

Explanation: B
Hydrogen bonds stabilize the double helix while allowing strand separation during replication.

Explanation: B
Proton motive force generated by ETC powers ATP synthase to produce ATP.

Explanation: D
When lungs become concentrated with the same CO₂ as in blood, it no longer leaves the blood and keeps rising. One breathes in CO₂ diffuse out of lungs and oxygen is taken in. When you hold your breath there is an accumulation of carbon dioxide in your cells, in your blood and lungs it will irritate and trigger the impulses from the respiratory center part of your brain due to a rise in CO₂ concentration, it signals the body to breathe and respiration. This rise in CO₂ concentration also makes us sleepy. The effect of rising CO₂ tension is to decrease the affinity of Hb for O₂. Thus, when CO₂ concentration in blood increases, breathing becomes faster and deeper.
So, here the option D, i.e., rising CO₂ concentration is the correct answer. 

Explanation: A
Each muscle fiber has many parallelly arranged myofibrils. Each myofibril contains many serially arranged units called sarcomere which are the functional units. Each sarcomere has a central ‘A’ band made of thick myosin filaments and two half ‘I’ bands made of thin actin filaments on either side of it marked by ‘Z’ lines. In a resting state, the edges of thin filaments on either side of the thick filaments partially overlap the free ends of the thick filaments leaving the central part of the thick filaments. This central part of the thick filament, not overlapped by thin filaments is called the ‘H’ zone. 

Explanation: B
Genes close together on the same chromosome show linkage and do not assort independently, creating exceptions to Mendel’s law. 

Explanation: A
Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, binding only to their matching antigen.

Explanation: B
Pepsin requires acidic pH for activation and protein digestion.

Explanation: C
After depolarization, sodium channels must reset during the refractory period before a new impulse.

Explanation: C
In the menstrual phase, the endometrium is shed, causing bleeding.

Explanation: B
High water content ensures efficient biochemical reactions and conductivity in neurons, vital for nerve impulse transmission.

Explanation: B
Induced Fit Model (Koshland) explains that enzyme changes conformation when substrate binds.

Explanation: A
After deamination, amino acids feed into respiration at multiple points.

Explanation: D
When CO₂ in blood increases, it makes blood more acidic. This stimulates the respiratory center in the brain, which increases breathing rate and depth so that extra CO₂ can be exhaled.

Explanation: D
A striated muscle fiber is bounded by sarcolemma. It shows alternating dark and light cross bands, the striations. Dark band is called A band which has at its middle a light zone termed as H–zone. The light band is known as the I– band which is crossed through its center by a dark membrane called the Z– line. The part of the muscle fiber between two successive Z– lines functions as a contractile unit called a sarcomere.

Explanation: B
Genes that are far apart are more likely to undergo crossing over, while closely linked genes rarely recombine.

Explanation: B
Vaccines are preventive, not curative — they prepare the immune system before infection.

Explanation: C
Bile salts emulsify fats, increasing surface area for lipase action

Explanation: B
Reflex arcs are short, processed in spinal cord, hence faster than voluntary actions.

Explanation: C
Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. Removing them causes a sharp hormonal drop.

Explanation: B
Monosaccharides like glucose are sweet, crystalline, and provide immediate energy

Explanation: B
Shape of the active site ensures enzyme-substrate specificity.

Explanation: C
HIV contains two copies of single-stranded RNA genome.

Explanation: C
Ventral is the underside of an organism or an organ.

Explanation: B
Cross bridges form between actin filaments and myosin heads. During muscle contraction, myosin heads attach to binding sites on actin filaments, forming cross bridges. This attachment and subsequent movement of the myosin heads create the sliding filament mechanism, leading to muscle contraction

Explanation: A
Sons inherit their Y chromosome from their father and X chromosome from their mother. Thus, X-linked traits are not transmitted father-to-son.

Explanation: A
The SA node generates impulses on its own, making the heart myogenic

Explanation: C
Digestion begins in the mouth where salivary amylase breaks starch into maltose.

Explanation: C
The large liver on the right side pushes the right kidney lower than the left

Explanation: C
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) rises early in the cycle to stimulate growth of a new follicle in the ovary.

Explanation: D
The order of filling subshells follows the (n + l) rule:
The subshell with the lower value of (n + l) is filled first.
If (n + l) is the same, the one with the lower n is filled first.
Now check each option:
3d → n = 3, l = 2 → n + l = 5
4f → n = 4, l = 3 → n + l = 7
4p → n = 4, l = 1 → n + l = 5
4s → n = 4, l = 0 → n + l = 4.

Explanation: D
Leaving group ability increases down the group:
R – I > R – Br > R – Cl > R – F
R – F: Very poor leaving group (C – F bond is strongest).
R – Cl: Moderate leaving group.
R – Br: Better leaving group.
R – I: Best leaving group → carbocation forms fastest → SN¹ most favoured.

Explanation: B
Specific heat → Heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1° C.
Molar heat capacity → Heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mol of a substance by 1° C.

Explanation A
a (L²·atm·mol^–2) accounts for intermolecular attraction.
Smaller a → weaker attractive forces → less deviation.
b (L·mol^–1) accounts for finite molecular volume.
Smaller b → smaller excluded volume → less deviation.
Thus, a gas with lowest values of both a and b will behave most ideally.
Compare given options
A. a = 0.24, b = 0.026 → both very small.
B. a = 3.59, b = 0.043 → large a and larger b.
C. a = 1.39, b = 0.039 → moderate a, but still bigger than A.
D. a = 2.25, b = 0.043 → large a and large b.

Explanation: B
Splittion of lines in magnetic or electric field indicate presence of sub-subshells & in high resolution indicate presence of subshells.

Explanation C
Hybridization and s-character:
sp³ → 25% s-character → bond angle ≈ 109.5°
sp² → 33% s-character → bond angle ≈ 120°
sp → 50% s-character → bond angle ≈ 180°
The greater the s-character, the closer the hybrid orbital lies to the nucleus. This increases repulsion between orbitals, pushing substituents further apart and increasing bond angle.
Thus, sp hybridization has the largest X – A – X bond angle (180°) due to its highest 50% s-character.

Explanation: B
Nb atomic number 41 has electronic configuration of [Kr] 5s¹ 4d⁴.

Explanation B
CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O
Ratio from the balanced equation
1 mole of CH₄ reacts with 2 moles of O₂.
So, the required ratio is CH₄ : O₂ = 1 : 2.
Compare actual moles
We have:
5 moles CH₄ , 8 moles O₂
If all 5 moles of CH₄ were to react, we would need:
5 × 2 = 10 moles O₂
But we only have 8 moles O₂, which is less than required.
Since oxygen runs out first, O₂ is the limiting reagent.

Explanation: C
Elements in standard states have heat of formation equal to zero but Br₂ in standard state is liquid. Gaseous bromine does not have zero heat of formation.
Cl₂(g) → Chlorine is most stable as diatomic gas → ΔHf° = 0.
Na(s) → Sodium is most stable as solid metal → ΔHf° = 0.
Br₂(g) → Bromine is most stable as liquid at standard conditions (298 K, 1 atm).
If it is gaseous, it is not the standard state → ΔHf° ≠ 0.
Hg(l) → Mercury is most stable as liquid → ΔHf° = 0.

Explanation: B
Exception!
Anomalous behaviour of beryllium.
Has strong Be²⁺ hydration energy and forms an insoluble oxide/hydroxide film on its surface.
This protective layer prevents reaction with dilute acids under normal conditions. Does not liberate H₂ easily. 

Explanation: B
H₂O
Oxygen has 6 valence electrons.
It forms 2 covalent bonds with 2 hydrogens (2 pairs used).
Remaining: 2 lone pairs on oxygen.
B. HF
Fluorine has 7 valence electrons.
1 electron used in bonding with H.
Remaining: 3 lone pairs on fluorine.
C. CH₄
Carbon has 4 valence electrons.
All 4 used in covalent bonds with hydrogens.
No lone pairs left.
D. NH₃
Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons.
3 used in bonding with 3 hydrogens.
Remaining: 1 lone pair on nitrogen.

Explanation: C
NaBH₄ (Sodium borohydride): is a weak reducing agent, Too mild, it reduces aldehydes and ketones but does NOT reduce carboxylic acids under normal conditions.

Explanation: C
1 molecule of Al₂(CO₃)₃ has 9 O-atoms.
No of Atoms = n × N_A × No of Atoms in formula
= 0.5 × 6.02 × 10²⁷ × 9 = 27.09 × 10²³ ⇒ 2.7 × 10²⁴.

Explanation: C
Organic compounds are mainly covalent, insoluble in water, soluble in non-polar solvents, and exhibit isomerism. Organic compounds generally undergo slow covalent reactions, not fast ionic reactions. In water, ionic compounds (like salts) show high reaction rates, but this is not typical for organic compounds.

Explanation: D
NH₃ (Ammonia)
Central atom: N
Valence e^–: 3 bonds, 1 lone pair
Electron geometry: Tetrahedral
Molecular geometry: Trigonal pyramidal
Because of the lone pair, the geometry is distorted pyramidal.

Explanation: D
Halogens are deactivating but o/p directing.

Explanation: C
Step 2: Convert mass  moles
• Moles of H =
0.100/1 = 0.100 mol
• Moles of N =
4.20/14 = 0.300 mol
Step 3: Find simplest ratio
Divide both by the smaller value (0.100):
• H: 0.100/0.100 = 1
• N: 0.300/0.100 = 3
So, ratio = H : N = 1 : 3
Step 4: Write empirical formula
Empirical formula = HN₃.